A Coordinated Electric System Interconnection Review—the utility’s deep-dive on technical and cost impacts of your project.

Challenge: Frequent false tripping using conventional electromechanical relays
Solution: SEL-487E integration with multi-terminal differential protection and dynamic inrush restraint
Result: 90% reduction in false trips, saving over $250,000 in downtime

Optimizing Grid Interconnection Compliance with PJM Dynamic Modeling Standards

Calendar icon. D

April 23, 2025 | Blog

High voltage power lines and towers against a blue sky, connecting to a power substation.

In today’s rapidly evolving energy landscape, achieving PJM dynamic modeling compliance is critical for the successful interconnection of renewable energy and storage systems. As grid codes tighten across the PJM Interconnection territory, developers must meet all regional transmission operator (RTO) requirements to avoid costly delays or rejections. At Keentel Engineering, we specialize in providing PJM-compliant dynamic modeling and interconnection services—helping clients navigate complex simulation, validation, and documentation protocols for inverter-based resources (IBRs), battery storage, and hybrid power systems.

Why PJM Dynamic Modeling Matters

The PJM Interconnection operates one of the largest transmission grids in North America. To maintain grid stability, all New Service Requests (NSRs), Surplus Service Requests, and As-Built submissions must include compliant dynamic models used in transient stability simulations. These models ensure that power plants can ride through disturbances, deliver reliable power, and integrate seamlessly into the bulk electric system.

At Keentel Engineering, we bring decades of experience in dynamic modeling, simulation software like PSS®E and PSCAD, and grid code compliance to ensure your interconnection application is complete, accurate, and successful.

Key PJM Requirements Our Experts Address

Model Types and Software Compatibility

We develop and validate models for:

  • Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) such as solar PV, wind, and battery energy storage systems (BESS)
  • Synchronous Machines such as hydro, gas, and nuclear generators
  • Hybrid Plants and HVDC Links with custom interconnection scenarios

We ensure compatibility with PJM’s approved simulation tools, especially Siemens PTI PSS®E (e.g., v35.3.2), required for TC2 queue cycles.

Dynamic Model Deliverables by Keentel

Our deliverables are fully aligned with Section 8 of the PJM guidelines:

  • .idv and .dyr dynamic model files
  • Generator MFO (Maximum Facility Output) validation
  • Power Factor (0.95 lag/lead) simulations
  • Ride-through analysis for fault events
  • Primary Frequency Response documentation
  • FAT reports for As-Built submissions

We also support User Defined Models (UDMs) when standard library models are inadequate. All UDMs are fully documented, source-coded, and tested for future compatibility.

Common Modeling Challenges We Solve

  • Momentary Cessation (MC) in inverter-based resources: We fine-tune REGC and REEC parameters to eliminate MC behavior.
  • Reactive Power Deficiency: We simulate scenarios and recommend reactive compensation equipment to meet 0.95 PF compliance.
  • Voltage & Frequency Protection: Settings are aligned with NERC PRC-024-3, avoiding prohibited trip zones.
  • Flat Start Failures: We ensure your model starts with <0.1 MW/MVAR variation in the first 20 seconds.

If you’re developing a renewable energy, battery storage, or hybrid generation project within the PJM region, PJM dynamic model support is not just a regulatory step—it’s a mission-critical requirement. At Keentel Engineering, we combine deep technical expertise with real-world compliance experience to ensure your interconnection application meets every PJM modeling guideline, from .dyr file generation to ride-through testing, power factor simulation, and user-defined model (UDM) validation. Our team understands the urgency of meeting queue deadlines and utility standards—let us help you optimize grid compliance and accelerate approval timelines with precision.

Let Us Manage Your PJM Modeling Submissions

From the initial queue application to final As-Built model packages, Keentel Engineering ensures full documentation and submission of required files:

  • .sav, .raw, .sld
  • .dll (for UDM)
  • Flat start and VRT test logs
  • Dynamic Model Checklist

Explore our broader expertise:

➡️ Power System Studies
➡️ NERC Compliance Services

Partner with Keentel for PJM Dynamic Model Compliance

Dynamic model compliance is no longer optional—it’s a cornerstone of reliable grid integration. Partnering with Keentel Engineering ensures that your submission meets all modeling requirements, passes simulations, and avoids costly project delays.

FAQs for PJM Dynamic Model Development

  • What software version does PJM use for dynamic modeling?

    PJM uses Siemens PTI PSS®E; version varies by queue cycle (e.g., TC2 uses v35.3.2).

  • Are PSCAD models required for every project?

    No. They are only required upon PJM’s request for TC2 projects.

  • What models are acceptable for inverter-based resources?

    Use REGC, REEC, and REPC models. Models like REECB1 and GAST are not accepted.

  • What is momentary cessation (MC)?

    It is a temporary stop of current injection during abnormal voltage conditions. PJM recommends eliminating MC.

  • Which model parameters affect MC behavior?

    Parameters in REGC and REEC modules, such as LVPL and VDL settings.

  • What should be included in a .dyr file submission?

    Generator, electrical control, plant controller models, and protection settings.

  • What is the MFO and why is it important?

    Maximum Facility Output is the maximum MW a plant must deliver at POI. Models must confirm it is achievable.

  • How is power factor compliance tested?

    Via simulations verifying 0.95 lag/lead PF at high-side of main transformer under peak MW conditions.

  • What data must be included for reactive power assessments?

    PQ curves, inverter capabilities, transformer data, and losses.

  • Are all IBRs required to provide primary frequency response?

    Yes, per FERC Order 842 and PJM Open Access Transmission Tariff.

  • What constitutes a successful flat start test?

    No generator variations > 0.1 MW/MVAR over 20s of simulation.

  • What files must be submitted to PJM?

    .idv, .dyr, .sav, .cnv, .snp, .raw, .dll (if UDM), logs, and test plots.

  • What is the required time step for dynamic simulation?

    Minimum time step of 0.004167 seconds.

  • Are factory acceptance test (FAT) reports required?

    Yes, but only for As-Built submissions.

  • How should shunt capacitors be modeled?

    As fixed or switchable units; must align with plant controller logic.

  • What’s the difference between REGCA1 and REGCBU1?

    REGCA1 is current-source; REGCBU1 is voltage-source—better for weak-grid applications.

  • Can model changes be submitted after queue application?

    Yes, but updates must be resubmitted at Decision Points per Section 8.

  • Can multiple inverters with different capabilities be modeled together?

    Yes, use multi-generator equivalents for accuracy.

  • What’s required for voltage/frequency trip settings?

    Use VTGTPAT and FRQTPAT models; settings must not fall in NERC PRC-024-3 no-trip zone.

  • What are common errors in dynamic model files?

    Missing DLLs, incorrect base MVA values, and mismatched PQ curves.

  • Is plant-level control mandatory?

    Not always, but recommended. Use REPC or PLNTBU1 for hybrid systems.

  • How is automatic voltage regulation verified?

    By confirming proper REPC/REEC settings and simulation results.

  • Is there a checklist for PJM model submissions?

    Yes. It’s provided in Section 8.1 of the PJM guidelines.

  • What if my model has reactive deficiencies?

    PJM requires they be corrected before submission.

  • Who ensures the model is QA-approved?

    The Project Developer must submit sign-offs from responsible engineers.

Man in a blazer and open shirt, looking at the camera, against a blurred background.

About the Author:

Sonny Patel P.E. EC

IEEE Senior Member

In 1995, Sandip (Sonny) R. Patel earned his Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Illinois, specializing in Electrical Engineering . But degrees don’t build legacies—action does. For three decades, he’s been shaping the future of engineering, not just as a licensed Professional Engineer across multiple states (Florida, California, New York, West Virginia, and Minnesota), but as a doer. A builder. A leader. Not just an engineer. A Licensed Electrical Contractor in Florida with an Unlimited EC license. Not just an executive. The founder and CEO of KEENTEL LLC—where expertise meets execution. Three decades. Multiple states. Endless impact.

Four workers in safety vests and helmets stand with arms crossed near wind turbines.

Let's Discuss Your Project

Let's book a call to discuss your electrical engineering project that we can help you with.

Man in a blazer and open shirt, looking at the camera, against a blurred background.

About the Author:

Sonny Patel P.E. EC

IEEE Senior Member

In 1995, Sandip (Sonny) R. Patel earned his Electrical Engineering degree from the University of Illinois, specializing in Electrical Engineering . But degrees don’t build legacies—action does. For three decades, he’s been shaping the future of engineering, not just as a licensed Professional Engineer across multiple states (Florida, California, New York, West Virginia, and Minnesota), but as a doer. A builder. A leader. Not just an engineer. A Licensed Electrical Contractor in Florida with an Unlimited EC license. Not just an executive. The founder and CEO of KEENTEL LLC—where expertise meets execution. Three decades. Multiple states. Endless impact.

Leave a Comment

Related Posts

Electrical substation with high-voltage equipment, wires, and insulators against a blue sky.

NERC Compliance Services: The Complete Guide to PRC-004-6 Misoperations & MIDAS Reporting

By SANDIP R PATEL • November 26, 2025
Learn how to stay compliant with NERC PRC-004-6 and MIDAS reporting. Keentel Engineering provides misoperation analysis, CAP support, and audit-ready documentation.
ISO-NE DDMS Guide

Understanding ISO-NE’s Dynamics Data Management System (DDMS): A Technical Guide for Power System Engineers

By SANDIP R PATEL • November 26, 2025
Technical guide to ISO-NE’s DDMS for power system engineers — model submissions, file formats (RAW/DYR), certification workflow, and annual recertification for MOD-032, MOD-026, MOD-027.
Learn how PRC-004-6 misoperations and MIDAS reporting work.

NERC Compliance Services: The Complete Guide to PRC-004-6 Misoperations & MIDAS Reporting (Keentel Engineering)

By SANDIP R PATEL • November 15, 2025
Learn how PRC-004-6 misoperations and MIDAS reporting work. A complete NERC compliance guide from Keentel Engineering for utilities and power entities.
Solar panels field and power plant with smokestacks on a cloudy day.

PJM MOD-032 Data Submission Process for Generator and Transmission Owners | Keentel Engineering

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 30, 2025
Learn how Generator and Transmission Owners meet PJM MOD-032 data submission requirements using Gen Model, Model on Demand, and ASPEN tools for NERC compliance.
An aerial view of a large battery storage facility with numerous white shipping container-like units. Wind turbines in background.

Utility-Scale BESS: IEEE 2800 Voltage & Frequency Compliance Guide

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 27, 2025
Learn how utility-scale BESS meet IEEE 2800 voltage and frequency ride-through requirements with simulation, validation, and compliance reporting.
Diagram of a redundant power distribution system with utility, UPS, and critical/non-critical loads.

Understanding Simultaneous Voltage-Sensitive Load Reductions Amid Industrial Electrification, Data Center Expansion, and the Rise of Cryptocurrency Mining Facilities

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 19, 2025
Explore NERC’s 2025 review on simultaneous voltage-sensitive load reductions amid industrial electrification, data center growth, and crypto mining.
Diagram showing frequency monitoring and point of interconnection with a Tesla 400E box.

Frequency Monitoring at the Point of Interconnection Using TESLA 4000 IED

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 16, 2025
Discover how the TESLA 4000 IED enables precise frequency monitoring at the Point of Interconnection for reliable, compliant grid operations.
Electrical diagram showing power distribution with utilities, switchgear, generators, and UPS systems.

Characteristics and Risks of Emerging Large Loads in Modern Power Systems

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 10, 2025
Discover how data centers, crypto, and EV hubs impact grid stability—and how Keentel Engineering mitigates emerging load risks.
An industrial power plant with multiple smokestacks at sunset.

Comprehensive Power System Analysis for Industrial Reliability and Safety

By SANDIP R PATEL • October 10, 2025
Learn how Keentel Engineering enhances industrial reliability and safety through power system analysis — including short-circuit, coordination, load-flow, stability, and grounding studies. Discover why these analyses are essential for optimized power performance.